Nejad, S. B., Allegranzi, B., Syed, S. B., Ellis, B., & Pittet, D. (2011). Health-care-associated infection in Africa: a systematic review. Bulletin Of The World Health Organization, 89(10), 757-765. doi:10.2471/BLT.11.088179
The article by Nejad, Allegranzi, Syed, Ellis & Pittet (2011) aimed at assessing the epidemiological approach of healthcare related infection in Africa. Three best, scholarly and peer-reviewed databases, i.e. Cochrane Library, the WHO regional Medical database for Africa and PubMed, were searched as the methods of research to identify this study in relation to the problems and effects of hospital acquired infections in Africa. The result of the search approach indicated limited information about the epidemiology of HAI in African countries. This is because the review signposted published studies were solely steered in 10 African nations, most of the studies were piloted in single wards, and there were not expanded publications even if the study was conducted in different parts of Africa.
Zaidi, A. M., Huskins, W. C., Thaver, D., Bhutta, Z. A., Abbas, Z., & Goldmann, D. A. (2005). Hospital-acquired neonatal infections in developing countries. Lancet, 365(9465), 1175-1188.
It is by far a research report of fatal burden to many developing countries when looking at neonatal issues. Neonatal deceases are said by this article to have accounted for more than 1/3 of the world drain of child transience. This article talked about the important side effects on the jeopardy associated with neonatal infection in developing countries. This study is said to be done because hospital-born babies in developing countries tend to have poor intrapartum and postnatal infection. Neonatal infections are estimated to kill 1.6 million annually and while 40% of such deaths come from developing nations of the world. Limitations of this article require a more systematic approach with thorough valuations of the entire procedure of care delivery—improvement of the health information management system, staff competence and better health infrastructures.
Scherbaum, M., Kösters, K., Mürbeth, R. E., Ateba Ngoa, U., Kremsner, P. G., Lell, B., & Alabi, A. (2014). Incidence, pathogens and resistance patterns of nosocomial infections at a rural hospital in Gabon. BMC Infectious Diseases, 14(1), 1-15. doi:10.1186/1471-2334-14-124.
There is a problem background of the issues in terms of nosocomial infections at a rural hospital in Gabon. Gabon is now a sovereign state on the west coastal part of central Africa, a part of interest for the study of my research. In Africa, this issue is due in parts because of insufficient infection infrastructures and the lack of control systems for such endemic. There is also the issue, according to the authors, poor sanitation, undersupplied surveillance data and lack of real mindfulness of nosocomial infections. The study was undertaken over a timeframe of 6 months at the Albert Schweitzer Hospital of Gabon’s capital city. All patients disclosed to certain medical departments such a gynecology were screened for possible hospital related infections. A total of 2925 patients were partitioned out of which 46 nosocomial infections (1.6%) were identified. High rates of nosocomial infections were originated after hysterectomies (12%) and Caesarean sections (6%). Most recurrent pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Eight (40%) of 20 recognized E. coli and Klebsiella spp. stresses were ESBL-producing organisms. The snowballing occurrence of nosocomial infections in this article was little; however, the great rates of surgical site infections and double-resistant pathogens require urgent inclusive interferences of contagion switch.
Saxena, P., & Kumar Mani, R. (2014, March). Preventing hospital acquired infections: A challenge we must accept. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine. pp. 125-126. doi:10.4103/0972-5229.128699..
There are challenges of hospital acquired infections. This article supported related research because hospital-related challenges common to African nations may be compared with some parts of India. That is why the authors explained how hospital-acquired conditions continued a huge tricky due to different protocols in finding the precise case of HAC for exact infections. The authors stressed the need to employ proof-based plans for separation type of tailoring and for explicit needs of the Indian patients.
Claassens, M. M., van Schalkwyk, C., du Toit, E., Roest, E., Lombard, C. J., Enarson, D. A., & … Borgdorff, M. W. (2013). Tuberculosis in Healthcare Workers and Infection Control Measures at Primary Healthcare Facilities in South Africa. Plos ONE, 8(10), 1. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0076272
TB infection control is number one measures, a part of critical measures of preventing hospital acquired infection. South Africa is an African nation of the south of Africa. This article gave me an edge to identifying how TB in hospital-based health practitioners in South Africa can work to protect possible spread of TB infection. The authors’ main focus were to search for the application of TB infection control procedures at hospital facilities with the associate of TB related spread of infections. Dissimilar policies, such as repetitive investigation systems, could be employed to appraise the cargo of TB in health practitioners in order to compute TB frequency, screen tendencies and instrument interferences to reduce work-related TB.
Weinstein, R. A. (1998). Nosocomial infection update. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 4(3), 416.
There is a clear lack of understanding of Nosocomial infection and Weinstein (1998) aimed at updating such effects of endemic system. The author further presented vital information that can be used to improve and understand the hospital acquired infections. Some of such information of contagion where patients are likely to be affected for example can be of staphylocci, pseudomonads, and Escherichia coli; effects of acquired antimicrobial resistance; influence the renovation of aging hospices has on the airborne fungal and other infections.
Khanal, B., Bhattacharya, S., Karki, B., Shariff, M., Niraula, S., Rai, L., & Khanal, B. (2003). Educating Nurses to Build a Care-With-Confidence Team. Education For Health: Change In Learning & Practice (Taylor & Francis Ltd), 16(2), 228.
This articled talked about scholarly reviewed of the impacts Hospital acquired infection has on patients. Most importantly the authors speak about the more emergence issues of HIV as an added feel of earnestness of combating while controlling spread of HAI’s. Measures and passable awareness have to be put in place including feasible and realistic suppression policies to be included toward the supplies of local occurrences in specific areas. The article talked about one challenges but the most important part in containing HAI— effective training and constant education of all healthcare workers. The training was undertook at the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, meant to determine the present information in infection control actions among nursing staff of the medical organization and to fortify their elementary capability.
Yawson, A. E., & Hesse, A. J. (2013). Hand hygiene practices and resources in a teaching hospital in Ghana. Journal Of Infection In Developing Countries, 7(4), 338-347. doi:10.3855/jidc.2422
Nosocomial infections have been one of the long-live discussions of the disregard in Sub-Saharan Africa. Africa is big and the continent is in need of providing vital health resources in competing infections like the HAI/Nosocomial infections. This articled talked about how simple hand hygiene was neglected in hospital settings. It provided baseline information on compliance procedures of hand hygiene among health workers of one Ghana teaching hospital. After taking the compliance data methods from 15 service provision centers in Ghana, care-related HH acquiescence of doctors and nurses was low and basic HH resources were lacking in all 15 service centers. Care-related HH agreement among doctors ranged from 9.2% to 57% and 9.6% to 54% among nurses.
According to the Encyclopedia of Surgery (n.d.), in regard to the procedures that could pose a risk for healthcare associated infection or hospital associated infection, any type of offensive (enters the body) technique can uncover a patient to the likelihood of contagion. Based on the articles presented above, it is of pending and of a purpose (statement) to see that Africa is in need of understanding the problems and effects of hospital acquired infections for improving quality of care of its patients. We need to improve Africa’s hospitals and healthcare clinics by educating, while preventing and providing effective training model for HAIs from occurring.
Health care-associated infections have a significant impact on health care spending, the well-being of patients in African hospitals and healthcare organizations, as a result of lengthy hospital stay, readmissions, cumulative consumption of costly resources and, occasionally, legal and trial costs. Additionally, hospital-associated infections in Africa are considered as major causes of mortality, emotional stress and enhanced morbidity in hospitalized patients. These also account for significant economic loss, human loss of lives, and additional burden on health care institutions.
The qualitative research question(s) of this hypothetical study are how can we educate African citizens on the needs to tackle problems of hospital acquired infections? How can we, as healthcare administrators and health advocates could convince African governments on the need to employ better equipment, infrastructures and health information management system in combating hospital acquired infections? African hospitals need to develop programme prototypical for the implementation of good infectious control practices and to ensure the wellbeing of both patients and staff, by preventing and controlling HAI
Reference List:
Encyclopedia of Surgery. (n.d.). Hospital-Acquired Infection. Retrieved April 17, 2015 from http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/Fi-La/Hospital-Acquired-Infections.html#b
