Testing for Bivariate Categorical Analysis

Case Processing Summary
  Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
Q59h. Trust police * Democracy (dichotomous) 47429 91.9% 4158 8.1% 51587 100.0%
Q59h. Trust police * Democracy (dichotomous) Crosstabulation
  Democracy (dichotomous) Total
Not a Democracy Democracy
Q59h. Trust police Not at all Count 2143 8516 10659
% within Democracy (dichotomous) 39.9% 20.2% 22.5%
Just a little Count 1396 10588 11984
% within Democracy (dichotomous) 26.0% 25.2% 25.3%
Somewhat Count 1074 11370 12444
% within Democracy (dichotomous) 20.0% 27.0% 26.2%
A lot Count 756 11586 12342
% within Democracy (dichotomous) 14.1% 27.5% 26.0%
Total Count 5369 42060 47429
% within Democracy (dichotomous) 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Chi-Square Tests
  Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 1242.165a 3 .000
Likelihood Ratio 1173.593 3 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 1125.520 1 .000
N of Valid Cases 47429    
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1206.61.
Symmetric Measures
  Value Approx. Sig.
Nominal by Nominal Phi .162 .000
Cramer’s V .162 .000
N of Valid Cases 47429  

 

                   In this scenario, we are comparing the relationship between citizens’ trust in the police and the question of whether respondents showed a sense of democracy or not. This analysis is said to be categorical in nature, since both variables are nominal, not interval or ratio. The Case Processing Summary (CPC) showed a total number of respondents to be 51587 with 8.1% missing or not applicable to the said analysis. The nominal percentage of cross-tabulation displays column percentages of the two variables. The unequal percentages between the dependent variables tells us that there is a relationship between the two variables (Laureate Education, 2016a). For example, 36.9% of respondents who are not democratic do not trust police at all. 20% of respondents who are democratic do not also trust police at all. Looking at the Chi-Square Tests, we can view the Pearson Chi-Square of 1242.165 with an associated P-value of 0.000. This value is well below the conventional threshold of P equal or less than 0.05. Therefore, we can reject the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between the variables. The Cramer’s V of 0.162 is also showing a P-value of 0.000. A value of 0 indicates zero relationship, while a value of 1.0 indicates perfect relationship (Frankfort-Nachmias & Leon-Guerrero, 2015)). Therefore, our Cramer’s value of 0.162 indicated the present of relationship. It is important to understand that the works of the police is part of any democracy. Here in our resulted analysis, we can see that the implication is true. The implication is positive in the sense that police activities are designed or should be designed to protect the citizen’s lives and properties while minimizing casualties and enforcing democratic laws and orders of citizens (Criminal Justice USA, n.d.).